81⟩ What are the advantages of OOPL in a programming language?
Object oriented programming languages directly represent the real life objects. The features of OOPL as inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation makes it powerful.
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102 Programming Questions And Answers
82⟩ Do you know about Object Oriented Programming Essentials and History?
An object-oriented programming language (also called an OO language) is one that allows or encourages, to some degree, object-oriented programming methods.
Simula (1967) is generally accepted as the first language to have the primary features of an object-oriented language. It was created for making simulation programs, in which what came to be called objects were the most important information representation. Smalltalk (1972 to 1980) is arguably the canonical example, and the one with which much of the theory of object-oriented programming was developed.
OO languages can be grouped into several broad classes, determined by the extent to which they support all features and functionality of object-orientation and objects: classes, methods, polymorphism, inheritance, and reusability.
83⟩ When does a name clash occur in programming?
A name clash occurs when a name is defined in more than one place. For example., two different class libraries could give two different classes the same name. If you try to use many class libraries at the same time, there is a fair chance that you will be unable to compile or link the program because of name clashes.
84⟩ What is the difference between superclass and subclass in programming?
A super class is a class that is inherited in programming whereas the sub class is a class that does the inheriting in programming.
85⟩ What is difference between overloading and overriding in programming language?
Difference between overloading and overriding in programming language is:
a) In overloading, there is a relationship between methods available in the same class whereas in overriding, there is relationship between a superclass method and subclass method.
b) Overloading does not block inheritance from the superclass whereas overriding blocks inheritance from the superclass.
c) In overloading, separate methods share the same name whereas in overriding, subclass method replaces the superclass.
d) Overloading must have different method signatures whereas overriding must have same signature.
86⟩ List out some of the object-oriented methodologies?
Object Oriented Development (OOD) (Booch 1991,1994).
Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOA/D) (Coad and Yourdon 1991).
Object Modeling Techniques (OMT) (Rumbaugh 1991).
Object Oriented Software Engineering (Objectory) (Jacobson 1992).
Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) (Shlaer and Mellor 1992).
The Fusion Method (Coleman 1991).
87⟩ Differentiate Aggregation and containment in Programming?
Aggregation is the relationship between the whole and a part. We can add/subtract some properties in the part (slave) side. It won’t affect the whole part.
Best example is Car, which contains the wheels and some extra parts. Even though the parts are not there we can call it as car.
But, in the case of containment the whole part is affected when the part within that got affected. The human body is an apt example for this relationship. When the whole body dies the parts (heart etc) are died.
88⟩ What is a modifier explain?
A modifier, also called a modifying function is a member function that changes the value of at least one data member. In other words, an operation that modifies the state of an object. Modifiers are also known as ‘mutators’. Example: The function mod is a modifier in the following code snippet:
class test
{
int x,y;
public:
test()
{
x=0; y=0;
}
void mod()
{
x=10;
y=15;
}
};
89⟩ Differentiate between a template class and class template in programming?
Template class: A generic definition or a parametrized class not
instantiated until the client provides the needed information. It’s
jargon for plain templates.
Class template: A class template specifies
how individual classes can be constructed much like the way a class
specifies how individual objects can be constructed. It’s jargon for
plain classes.
90⟩ What is a dangling pointer in programming?
A dangling pointer arises when you use the address of an object after
its lifetime is over. This may occur in situations like returning
addresses of the automatic variables from a function or using the
address of the memory block after it is freed. The following
code snippet shows this:
class Sample
{
public:
int *ptr;
Sample(int i)
{
ptr = new int(i);
}
~Sample()
{
delete ptr;
}
void PrintVal()
{
cout << "The value is " << *ptr;
}
};
void SomeFunc(Sample x)
{
cout << "Say i am in someFunc " << endl;
}
int main()
{
Sample s1 = 10;
SomeFunc(s1);
s1.PrintVal();
}In the above example when PrintVal() function is
called it is called by the pointer that has been freed by the
destructor in SomeFunc.
91⟩ What do you mean by programming analysis and design?
Analysis: It is the process of determining what needs to be done before how it should be done. In order to accomplish this, the developer refers the existing systems and documents. So, simply it is an art of discovery.
Design:It is the process of adopting/choosing the one among the many, which best accomplishes the users needs. So, simply, it is compromising mechanism.
92⟩ Differentiate between the message and method in programming?
Message in Programming:
* Objects communicate by sending messages to each other.
* A message is sent to invoke a method.
Method in Programming:
* Provides response to a message.
* It is an implementation of an operation.
93⟩ What do you meant by static and dynamic modeling in programming?
Static modeling is used to specify structure of the objects that exist in the problem domain. These are expressed using class, object and USECASE diagrams. But Dynamic modeling refers representing the object interactions during runtime. It is represented by sequence, activity, collaboration and statechart diagrams
94⟩ Differentiate persistent & non-persistent programming objects?
Persistent refers to an object’s ability to transcend time or space. A persistent object stores/saves its state in a permanent storage system with out losing the information represented by the object.
A non-persistent object is said to be transient or ephemeral. By default objects are considered as non-persistent.
95⟩ What is meant by software development method?
Software development method describes how to model and build software systems in a reliable and reproducible way. To put it simple, methods that are used to represent ones’ thinking using graphical notations.
96⟩ What do you meant by active and passive objects?
Active objects are one which instigate an interaction which owns a thread and they are responsible for handling control to other objects. In simple words it can be referred as client.
Passive objects are one, which passively waits for the message to be processed. It waits for another object that requires its services. In simple words it can be referred as server.
97⟩ What are the steps involved in designing in programming?
Before getting into the design the designer should go through the SRS prepared by the System Analyst. The main tasks of design are Architectural Design and Detailed Design. In Architectural Design we find what are the main modules in the problem domains Detailed Design we find what should be done within each module.
98⟩ Why generalization is very strong in programming?
Even though Generalization satisfies Structural, Interface, Behaviour properties. It is mathematically very strong, as it is Antisymmetric and Transitive. Antisymmetric: employee is a person, but not all persons are employees. Mathematically all As’ are B, but all Bs’ not A.
99⟩ Differentiate persistent & non-persistent objects in programming?
Persistent refers to an object’s ability to transcend time or space. A persistent object stores/saves its state in a permanent storage system with out losing the information represented by the object.
A non-persistent object is said to be transient or ephemeral. By default objects are considered as non-persistent.
100⟩ What do you meant by “SBI” of an object in programming?
SBI stands for State, Behavior and Identity. Since every object has the above three.
State:
It is just a value to the attribute of an object at a particular time.
Behaviour:
It describes the actions and their reactions of that object.
Identity:
An object has an identity that characterizes its own existence. The identity makes it possible to distinguish any object in an unambiguous way, and independently from its state.
