41⟩ What is multithreading in a programming language?
Multithreading is the mechanism in which more than one thread run independent of each other within the process in any programming language such as C, C++, Java etc...
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102 Programming Questions And Answers
42⟩ Who were the three famous amigos and what was their contribution to the object community?
The Three amigos namely,
James Rumbaugh (OMT): A veteran in analysis who came up with an idea about the objects and their Relationships (in particular Associations).
Grady Booch: A veteran in design who came up with an idea about partitioning of systems into subsystems.
Ivar Jacobson (Objectory): The father of USECASES, who described about the user and system interaction.
43⟩ What are the advantages of OOPL in a programming language?
Object oriented programming languages directly represent the real life objects. The features of OOPL as inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation makes it powerful.
44⟩ What is Downcasting in Programming?
Downcasting concept is the casting from a general to a more specific type, i.e. casting down the hierarchy in programming.
45⟩ Can a method be overloaded based on different return type but same argument type in programming?
No, method can not be overloaded because the methods can be called without using their return type in which case there is ambiguity for the compiler in programming languages.
46⟩ What is the difference between procedural and object-oriented programs?
1. In procedural program, programming logic follows certain procedures and the instructions are executed one after another. In OOP program, unit of program is object, which is nothing but combination of data and code.
2. In procedural program, data is exposed to the whole program whereas in OOPs program, it is accessible with in the object and which in turn assures the security of the code.
47⟩ What is difference between overloading and overriding in programming language?
Difference between overloading and overriding in programming language is:
a) In overloading, there is a relationship between methods available in the same class whereas in overriding, there is relationship between a superclass method and subclass method.
b) Overloading does not block inheritance from the superclass whereas overriding blocks inheritance from the superclass.
c) In overloading, separate methods share the same name whereas in overriding, subclass method replaces the superclass.
d) Overloading must have different method signatures whereas overriding must have same signature.
48⟩ How many ways can an argument be passed to a subroutine in programming?
An argument can be passed in two ways in a programming language. They are Pass by Value and Passing by Reference.
Passing by value: This method copies the value of an argument into the formal parameter of the subroutine.
Passing by reference: In this method, a reference to an argument (not the value of the argument) is passed to the parameter.
49⟩ What is the difference between superclass and subclass in programming?
A super class is a class that is inherited in programming whereas the sub class is a class that does the inheriting in programming.
50⟩ List out some of the object-oriented methodologies?
Object Oriented Development (OOD) (Booch 1991,1994).
Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOA/D) (Coad and Yourdon 1991).
Object Modeling Techniques (OMT) (Rumbaugh 1991).
Object Oriented Software Engineering (Objectory) (Jacobson 1992).
Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) (Shlaer and Mellor 1992).
The Fusion Method (Coleman 1991).
51⟩ Do you know about Object Oriented Programming Essentials and History?
An object-oriented programming language (also called an OO language) is one that allows or encourages, to some degree, object-oriented programming methods.
Simula (1967) is generally accepted as the first language to have the primary features of an object-oriented language. It was created for making simulation programs, in which what came to be called objects were the most important information representation. Smalltalk (1972 to 1980) is arguably the canonical example, and the one with which much of the theory of object-oriented programming was developed.
OO languages can be grouped into several broad classes, determined by the extent to which they support all features and functionality of object-orientation and objects: classes, methods, polymorphism, inheritance, and reusability.
52⟩ Differentiate persistent & non-persistent objects in programming?
Persistent refers to an object’s ability to transcend time or space. A persistent object stores/saves its state in a permanent storage system with out losing the information represented by the object.
A non-persistent object is said to be transient or ephemeral. By default objects are considered as non-persistent.
53⟩ Differentiate Aggregation and containment in Programming?
Aggregation is the relationship between the whole and a part. We can add/subtract some properties in the part (slave) side. It won’t affect the whole part.
Best example is Car, which contains the wheels and some extra parts. Even though the parts are not there we can call it as car.
But, in the case of containment the whole part is affected when the part within that got affected. The human body is an apt example for this relationship. When the whole body dies the parts (heart etc) are died.
54⟩ Differentiate between a template class and class template in programming?
Template class: A generic definition or a parametrized class not
instantiated until the client provides the needed information. It’s
jargon for plain templates.
Class template: A class template specifies
how individual classes can be constructed much like the way a class
specifies how individual objects can be constructed. It’s jargon for
plain classes.
55⟩ When does a name clash occur in programming?
A name clash occurs when a name is defined in more than one place. For example., two different class libraries could give two different classes the same name. If you try to use many class libraries at the same time, there is a fair chance that you will be unable to compile or link the program because of name clashes.
56⟩ What do you mean by programming analysis and design?
Analysis: It is the process of determining what needs to be done before how it should be done. In order to accomplish this, the developer refers the existing systems and documents. So, simply it is an art of discovery.
Design:It is the process of adopting/choosing the one among the many, which best accomplishes the users needs. So, simply, it is compromising mechanism.
57⟩ Differentiate between the message and method in programming?
Message in Programming:
* Objects communicate by sending messages to each other.
* A message is sent to invoke a method.
Method in Programming:
* Provides response to a message.
* It is an implementation of an operation.
58⟩ What are the steps involved in designing in programming?
Before getting into the design the designer should go through the SRS prepared by the System Analyst. The main tasks of design are Architectural Design and Detailed Design. In Architectural Design we find what are the main modules in the problem domains Detailed Design we find what should be done within each module.
59⟩ What is a modifier explain?
A modifier, also called a modifying function is a member function that changes the value of at least one data member. In other words, an operation that modifies the state of an object. Modifiers are also known as ‘mutators’. Example: The function mod is a modifier in the following code snippet:
class test
{
int x,y;
public:
test()
{
x=0; y=0;
}
void mod()
{
x=10;
y=15;
}
};
60⟩ What is a dangling pointer in programming?
A dangling pointer arises when you use the address of an object after
its lifetime is over. This may occur in situations like returning
addresses of the automatic variables from a function or using the
address of the memory block after it is freed. The following
code snippet shows this:
class Sample
{
public:
int *ptr;
Sample(int i)
{
ptr = new int(i);
}
~Sample()
{
delete ptr;
}
void PrintVal()
{
cout << "The value is " << *ptr;
}
};
void SomeFunc(Sample x)
{
cout << "Say i am in someFunc " << endl;
}
int main()
{
Sample s1 = 10;
SomeFunc(s1);
s1.PrintVal();
}In the above example when PrintVal() function is
called it is called by the pointer that has been freed by the
destructor in SomeFunc.
