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A modifier, also called a modifying function is a member function that changes the value of at least one data member. In other words, an operation that modifies the state of an object. Modifiers are also known as ‘mutators’. Example: The function mod is a modifier in the following code snippet:
class test
{
int x,y;
public:
test()
{
x=0; y=0;
}
void mod()
{
x=10;
y=15;
}
};
Template class: A generic definition or a parametrized class not
instantiated until the client provides the needed information. It’s
jargon for plain templates.
Class template: A class template specifies
how individual classes can be constructed much like the way a class
specifies how individual objects can be constructed. It’s jargon for
plain classes.
A dangling pointer arises when you use the address of an object after
its lifetime is over. This may occur in situations like returning
addresses of the automatic variables from a function or using the
address of the memory block after it is freed. The following
code snippet shows this:
class Sample
{
public:
int *ptr;
Sample(int i)
{
ptr = new int(i);
}
~Sample()
{
delete ptr;
}
void PrintVal()
{
cout << "The value is " << *ptr;
}
};
void SomeFunc(Sample x)
{
cout << "Say i am in someFunc " << endl;
}
int main()
{
Sample s1 = 10;
SomeFunc(s1);
s1.PrintVal();
}In the above example when PrintVal() function is
called it is called by the pointer that has been freed by the
destructor in SomeFunc.
Message in Programming:
* Objects communicate by sending messages to each other.
* A message is sent to invoke a method.
Method in Programming:
* Provides response to a message.
* It is an implementation of an operation.
Before getting into the design the designer should go through the SRS prepared by the System Analyst. The main tasks of design are Architectural Design and Detailed Design. In Architectural Design we find what are the main modules in the problem domains Detailed Design we find what should be done within each module.
Analysis: It is the process of determining what needs to be done before how it should be done. In order to accomplish this, the developer refers the existing systems and documents. So, simply it is an art of discovery.
Design:It is the process of adopting/choosing the one among the many, which best accomplishes the users needs. So, simply, it is compromising mechanism.
Active objects are one which instigate an interaction which owns a thread and they are responsible for handling control to other objects. In simple words it can be referred as client.
Passive objects are one, which passively waits for the message to be processed. It waits for another object that requires its services. In simple words it can be referred as server.
Static modeling is used to specify structure of the objects that exist in the problem domain. These are expressed using class, object and USECASE diagrams. But Dynamic modeling refers representing the object interactions during runtime. It is represented by sequence, activity, collaboration and statechart diagrams
Software development method describes how to model and build software systems in a reliable and reproducible way. To put it simple, methods that are used to represent ones’ thinking using graphical notations.
Persistent refers to an object’s ability to transcend time or space. A persistent object stores/saves its state in a permanent storage system with out losing the information represented by the object.
A non-persistent object is said to be transient or ephemeral. By default objects are considered as non-persistent.
Even though Generalization satisfies Structural, Interface, Behaviour properties. It is mathematically very strong, as it is Antisymmetric and Transitive. Antisymmetric: employee is a person, but not all persons are employees. Mathematically all As’ are B, but all Bs’ not A.
SBI stands for State, Behavior and Identity. Since every object has the above three.
State:
It is just a value to the attribute of an object at a particular time.
Behaviour:
It describes the actions and their reactions of that object.
Identity:
An object has an identity that characterizes its own existence. The identity makes it possible to distinguish any object in an unambiguous way, and independently from its state.
If you look at the class representation of Rumbaugh and UML, It is some what similar and both are very easy to draw.
Unified method is convergence of the Rumbaugh and Booch. Unified modeling lang. is the fusion of Rumbaugh, Booch and Jacobson as well as Betrand Meyer (whose contribution is “sequence diagram”). Its’ the superset of all the methodologies.
A class does not inherit constructors from any of its super classes.
Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language. It is often compared to Tcl, P e r l, Scheme or Java.
Python combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. It has modules, classes, exceptions, very high level dynamic data types, and dynamic typing. There are interfaces to many system calls and libraries, as well as to various windowing systems (X11, Motif, Tk, Mac, MFC, wxWidgets). New built-in modules are easily written in C or C++. Python is also usable as an extension language for applications that need a programmable interface.
The Python implementation is portable: it runs on many brands of UNIX, on Windows, OS/2, Mac, Amiga, and many other platforms.
The Python implementation is copyrighted but freely usable and distributable, even for commercial use.
A class that is declared without any access modifiers is said to have package access. This means that the class can only be accessed by other classes and interfaces that are defined within the same package.
Overriding is used to redefines only the methods, but shadowing redefines the entire element.
Before 1994 there were different methodologies like Rumbaugh, Booch, Jacobson, Meyer etc who followed their own notations to model the systems.
The developers were in a dilemma to choose the method which best accomplishes their needs. This particular span was called as “method-wars”
Inner class in Programming:
classes defined in other classes, including those defined in methods are called inner classes. An inner class can have any accessibility including private.
Anonymous class in Programming:
Anonymous class is a class defined inside a method without a name and is instantiated and declared in the same place and cannot have explicit constructors.
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