Computer Networks

It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.

It is a sequence of IP addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A source route may optionally be included in an IP datagram header.

It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT (Network Virtual Terminal) is used in the start of a Telnet session.

The Default subnet mask for this Ip address is 255.255.254.254 as this is class B IP address. But the the subnet mask is 255.255.254.128/23.Since, 2^7=128and the Frame size will be 2^1=2Subnet ID= 130.237.14.0Broadcast ID= 130.237.15.255Correct me if I am wrong.

Router is needed with two interfaces: one Token Ring, another Ethernet one.

B.) Peer Entities

Implementation of the WAP stack Converting protocols Converting markup languages Compiling WMLScript programs Encoding WML into a binary bitstream Providing access control Caching Domain name resolution services (DNS) Security features

VLAN(Virtual Local Area Network) is a logical grouping of network users and resources connected to administratively defined ports on a switch. VLAN's break up broadcast domains in layer 2 switch network.Virtual LANs (VLANs) divide one physical network into multiple broadcast domains. But, VLAN-enabled switches cannot by themselves, forward traffic across VLAN boundaries. So you need to have routing between these VLANs which is called interVLAN routing. You can achieve this by using either a Layer 3 switch or a router.

State the technical steps required for data transmission from server to server via a router and switch

In safemode itself he can use telnet to access file on the other system in the same LAN

SD RAM:SDRAM is Single Data Rate meaning that SDRAM can accept one command and transfer one word of data per clock cycle. Typical speeds of SDRAM are 100 and 133 MHz.DDR SDRAM:DDR SDRAM transfers data twice per clock cycle, hence the name double data rate. DDR clock speeds range between 200 MHz (DDR-200) and 400 MHz (DDR-400). DDR-200 transfers 1600 MB/s, while DDR-400 transfers 3200 MB/s.DDR2 SDRAM:DDR2 SDRAM is twice as fast as DDR which means twice as much data is carried to the module for each clock cycle. Also consumes less power as compared to the DDR memory.

When we transmit any signal, the signal strength is degraded because of losses, interference, this is called attenuation of the signal. To reduce attenuation, repeaters are used to boost the signal strength.

Reliability not achieved at lower layers shall be implemented at the higher layers and more importantly each Layer in TCP/IP protocol suite is responsible for some network operations. IP though unreliable it implements routing of network information across the nodes upto the destination. But TCP cannot do this it implements only the end-to-communication (i.e) the source and destination without taking care of the intermediate nodes across which the network information should pass through which is done by IP layer. Therefore IP is integrated with TCP.

BUS topology:

In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.

Advantages:

Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.STAR topology:In this all computers are connected using a central hub.

Advantages:

Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.

RING topology:

In this all computers are connected in loop.

Advantages:

All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.

The min and max cable length is required because the signals can travel effectively without loosing their strength to that extent you can increase the cable length apart from preferred by using the repeaters after the length so that the signals will be boosted again.

Material placed on the exterior of wood frame and sash components to provide ease of maintenance. Common cladding materials include vinyl and extruded or roll-formed aluminum

When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they don't amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive topology - linear bus.