61⟩ Compare IS-IS metrics with OSPF metrics.
An OSPF interface metric is determined from the interface bandwidth. By default, all IS-IS interface metrics are equal to 10.
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88 CCNP Questions And Answers
62⟩ What is the difference between an IS-IS narrow and wide metric?
A narrow metric uses 6 bits for the interface metric and 10 bits for the path metric. A wide metric uses 24 bits for the interface metric and 32 bits for the path metric.
63⟩ Describe four differences between the operation of IBGP and EBGP.
► IBGP is the protocol used between routers in the same autonomous system. EBGP is the protocol used between routers in different autonomous systems.
► IBGP routes must be synchronized before they can be transferred to the IP routing table (unless synchronization is disabled).
► EBGP sets the next hop attribute to the IP address of the interface used to communicate with the EBGP peer. The next hop attribute is not modified when an IBGP router advertises a prefix to an IBGP peer if the prefix was learned from an EBGP neighbor.
► EBGP advertises all prefixes learned from an EBGP neighbor to all other EBGP neighbors. IBGP routers do not advertise prefixes learned from one IBGP neighbor to another IBGP neighbor.
64⟩ What is the purpose of the AS_PATH attribute?
If a router has more than one route to the same IP prefix, the best path is the one with the shortest AS_PATH (assuming other BGP attributes are equal).
65⟩ What does the term information hiding mean in relation to route summarization?
At the core layer in the postal system, the only information that is needed to make a routing decision is the state or city/state information. The specific street names and street numbers are hidden, the core layer does not need this information. At the core layer in the telephone system, the area code is used to make a routing decision. The specific exchange or last four digits of the phone number are not needed, or hidden, from the core layer.
66⟩ What is the purpose of the WEIGHT attribute?
If a router has more than one route to the same IP prefix, the best path is the one with the highest WEIGHT value.
67⟩ What is the scope of the WEIGHT attribute?
WEIGHT has only local significance and is not advertised to BGP peers.
68⟩ What is the purpose of the LOCAL_PREF attribute?
If a router has more than one route to the same IP prefix, the best path is the one with the highest LOCAL_PREF (assuming the WEIGHT attribute for the routes is equal).
69⟩ What is the scope of the LOCAL_PREF attribute?
The LOCAL_PREF attribute is advertised throughout the autonomous system.
70⟩ What is the purpose of the metric or MULTI_EXIT_DISC attribute?
MED is used to prefer a path into an autonomous system. A lower MED value is preferred.
71⟩ What is the order of preference for the BGP attributes AS_PATH, LOCAL_PREF, MED, and WEIGHT?
WEIGHT, LOACL_PREF, AS_PATH, MED
72⟩ Name all the ways for installing a prefix in the BGP routing table.
► Using the network command to transfer a router from the IP routing table to the BGP routing table
► Redistributing routes from the IP routing table to the BGP routing table
► Learned from a BGP neighbor
73⟩ What is synchronization?
Synchronization is a property of IBGP. An IBGP router will not accept a prefix received from an IBGP neighbor if the prefix is not already in the IP routing table.
74⟩ Name two methods for reducing the number of IBGP connections.
Route reflector and confederation.
75⟩ Why does IBGP require a full mesh?
BGP uses the AS_PATH attribute for loop detection. If a router sees its own AS number in a BGP advertisement, the advertisement is dropped. IBGP routers have the same AS number so the AS number cannot be used for loop detection. IBGP neighbors will not advertise prefixes learned from one IBGP neighbor to another IBGP neighbor; therefore, a full mesh is required.
76⟩ What is the major difference between BGP and IGP route summarization?
When a summary address is created with an IGP (EIGRP, OSPF, and IS-IS), the specific routes of the summary are not advertised. BGP advertises the summary, and all the specific routes of the summary unless they are specifically suppressed.
77⟩ Why is BGP a better choice for Internet routing than the IGPs?
RIP version 1 and IGRP are classful protocols and do not advertise subnet mask information. RIP version 2 has a limited network diameter of 15 hops. EIGRP, OSPF, and IS-IS use computational intensive algorithms for determining a shortest path. BGP relies on simple techniques for best path selection and loop detection, and can handle the number of network prefixes required for Internet routing.
78⟩ Explain the difference between dense mode and sparse mode multicast.
Dense mode multicast assumes all multicast neighbors want to receive all multicast traffic unless the neighbors have specifically pruned the traffic. Sparse mode multicast assumes multicast neighbors do not want to receive multicast traffic unless they have asked for it. Dense mode uses source-based delivery trees while sparse mode uses shared delivery trees where traffic is first sent to an RP.
79⟩ What are the four general types of BGP attributes?
Well-known mandatory, well-known discretionary, optional transitive, and optional nontransitive.
80⟩ What is the multicast Ethernet address for IP address 227.128.64.12?
The base Ethernet multicast address is 01 00 5E 00 00 00. The first byte of the IP multicast address is not used. If the second byte is greater than 127, subtract 128, giving a value of 0. The third and fourth bytes of the IP address are used as is after converting to hex. Their values, in hexadecimal, are 40 and 0C. So the Ethernet multicast address for the IP multicast address 227.128.64.12 is 01 00 5E 00 40 0C.
