Biology

The scientific naming system that is used worldwide today was first devised by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1737. He proposed a two-part naming system, which classifies every living organism with a string of Latin and Greek identifiers. Full names are devised starting with kingdom and extending downward through phylum, subphylum, class, order, family, genus and species. The two-part name, or binomial name, consists of the genus and species of the organism and used to prevent the confusion that may arise with common names.

The binomial nomenclature (two-part name) of an organism belongs to a universal format: the genus of the organism is the first name, which is always capitalized, and acts as a noun. The species of the organism is always the second name, is minuscule (lower-case), and acts as an adjective. Take, for example, the cougar. The cougar's genus is Puma, and its species is known as concolor. The entire name would read as follows, Puma concolor or P. concolor for short.

This happens because of the "desensitization" of sensory receptors on the sensory cells of your tongue. This phenomenon occurs in all of our senses, where a strong and continuous stimulus desensitizes us to the same stimulus, so that it is harder to detect. For example, this is how you adjust to new smells, or why it is harder to hear after attending a loud concert. It is part of how your body is able to adapt to new environments. The sensory cells of your sensory organs regulate and “desensitize” these receptors in multiple ways. For instance, sensory receptors on the cell surface can be deactivated or cells can internalize the receptors and degrade them, both of these events effectively reduce the number of functioning receptors on the cell surface and thus reduce its ability to detect a stimulus.

Plant and animal cells must stay in an isotonic, or neutral, solution to survive. When salt or sugar is added, many of the cells wither and die, and the bacteria cannot live on dead cells.

Sometimes they have agents added that do not allow bacteria and other microbes to colonize and grow on the food. Microbes like bacteria and fungus break down the food causing the spoilage.

There are bacteria and other microorganisms, which live in all sorts of environments. Some tolerate oxygen and some do not. Some tolerate salt and some do not.

There are certain limits or parameters outside of which most or no microorganisms can remain active, however this is theoretical. There have been microorganisms such as Archea living in thermal vents, hot springs, salt lakes, and other extreme environments for ages and ages.

Some microorganisms create "spores" which are like hard seeds, which can survive for many years under harsh conditions, waiting until conditions are right to germinate and become active again. One example of this is Bacillus Anthracis, the bacteria that causes Anthrax.

Vascular plants are those, which have phloem and xylem structures within them to transport water and nutrients around the plant. Most of the plants you see around you are vascular. Think about grass or herbaceous plants - you will not find growth rings in those if you cut them through the middle.

Growth rings occur is plants with lignin in their stems (trees in other words). The rings are caused by the different rates of growth in summer and winter. In summer the tree grows quicker, the lignin fibers are less dense, and the ring is a bit lighter in color. In winter, growth is slower and the fibers are pack closer and appear darker.

Annual growth rings are near universal in the trees of the temperate regions. Trees growing in the tropics experience an even temperature environment over the year and rings are less pronounced or absent.

If it did not twist, would you expect it to fit into the miniscule cell? As we all know, if we join all of the DNA molecules from a person's body end to end, we would get length three times the distance from the centre of the earth to the sun! Therefore, DNA does not have a choice but to follow the super solenoid structure. This is also aided by the purine-pyrimidine linkages, to balance the weight of DNA components. Why pressing down on the cover slip does not remove excess water. Because of Newton's Third Law of Motion: Every action has an equal an opposite reaction and hydraulic pressure. When you press down on the cover slip, the water underneath it pushes back against you with the same force that you are pressing down on it. If you want to get the water to move out from under the cover slip, you need to direct it to the side. One way to do this is to lift an edge and break the suction, then set it back down on one edge first to let the water run out, then press it down. This creates a side motion so the water does not push straight up into the cover slip, but pushes at an angle, which allows it to run out.