“Motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computers and holds many of the crucial components of the system, while providing connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the main board, system board, so start learning for the job interview questions related to the Computer Motherboard”
The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain
of your computer. It handles all the instructions
you give your computer, and the faster it does
this, the better. Learn about how a CPU
processes instructions and how computer
engineers are continuously coming up with ways to make it go faster.
The DOS control can be explained in the following steps:
★ The first step the boot loader loads the boot record to the memory, which is given the control ( boot program ) inside the boot record.
★ This program now check for the IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS as the first entries.
★ Now the program loads the IO.SYS and is given control.
★ The IO.SYS simply loads the MSDOS.SYS file and starts looking for the CONFIG.SYS file .
★ Finally the MSDOS.SYS file is given control, this file now initializes interrupt vectors and loads the COMMAND.COM file.
★ Lastly the autoexec.bat file is loaded, executed.
Some of the purposes for which the LSI are used are as follows:
★ PIC or the programmable interrupt controller.
★ PIT or the programmable interrupt timer.
★ PPI or programmable peripheral interface.
★ CRTC is used for the controlling of the CRT.
★ The floppy disk, hard disk and DMA controller are used for special purposes.
★ The real time calendar or clock is used to organize and sort out things.
★ Controllers
★ Integrated graphics
★ Sound card
★ Ethernet network controller
★ USB
The IBM POST beep codes are as follows:
★ 1 short beep: This indicates that the POST was normal without any exceptions.
★ 2 short beeps: This indicates there was an error and the message is displayed on the screen.
★ No beep: Indicates no power or disconnection.
★ Continuous beep: This is indicative of a power supply, motherboard or a keyboard problem.
★ One long one short beep: this is indicative of a problem with the mother / system board.
★ One long two short beeps indicates that there is a problem with the display adapter
POST or the power on self test is a routine that is executed immediately once the system is powered on. It is only after POST that a system allows the bootstrap loader to be initialized. The POST is performed to ensure that the system peripherals are connected and functioning and there are no compatibility issues.
In primary storage device the storage capacity is limited. It has a volatile memory. In secondary storage device the storage capacity is larger. It is a nonvolatile memory. Primary devices are: RAM / ROM. Secondary devices are: Floppy disc / Hard disk.
Primary storage device is Ram where the instructions are stored for temporary and secondry storage is hard disk floppy cds etc.
Characteristics of micro programmed control units:
★ These control units are implemented as micro programs of routines.
★ The control unit implemented in micro program is implemented in the form of a CPU inside another CPU.
★ These types of circuits are simple but comparatively slower.
★ The CPU registers are verified.
★ The BIOS code integrity is checked.
★ The basic components such as the DMA, timer etc are checked.
★ The system memory is verified and checked.
★ All the system buses are discovered, cataloged and executed, activated.
★ BIOS is initialized after it.
★ Ready the environment that is required by the OS to function.
PC design has greatly improved in the last decade primarily in these areas:
★ Microprocessor:
Today a normal desktop PC can have processors which have exceeded 3gHz limits and can have more than one physical core.
★ Peripherals:
The list of devices that can be connected to the computer via various ports have increased.
★ Hardware components:
The level of components that are being used have also increased in complexity.
★ OS:
The operating systems being used today have also greatly improved supporting more higher hardware specifications.
★ Layouts:
The layouts and modules being used for computers have also greatly improved.
The modern motherboards at a minimum contain at least:
★ Sockets: The sockets are used to install the processor.
★ The memory slots where the user can install the main memory for the system.
★ Chipset: The chipset is used as a the interface for communication between the processor, main memory and the bus.
★ Flash ROM: These store permanents information such as the BIOS, firmware etc.
★ Power connector: The power connector is connected with the SMPS to deliver power to the components on the motherboard.
★ Expansion slots: The expansion slots are used for various devices to be connected to the system.
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